HIGHFIELD MAGNETICS
ARCHIVE · PRIMARY SOURCES AND THEORY

Find the evidence for the requirement.

Seven reviewed records: three research papers, two facility descriptions and two theoretical references. Each record states what the source establishes and where its use stops.

Review here means source identity and the stated result were checked, not that a proposed Highfield machine is validated. Quench observations and scale limitations appear alongside high-field achievements.

RESEARCH PAPER · MEASURED FIELD AND QUENCH EVIDENCE

45.5-tesla direct-current magnetic field generated with a high-temperature superconducting magnet

Seungyong Hahn et al. · Nature 570, 496–499 · 2019
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1293-1

Domain
REBCO insert magnets, no-insulation windings and protection
Verified result
A 14.4 T superconducting insert in a 31.1 T resistive background produced 45.5 T. The publication includes quench-voltage and post-mortem conductor figures.
Regime
Specific compact test magnet and externally supplied background field
Relevance
Peak field must be evaluated with protection behavior and condition after the test.
Limitation
Not a standalone 45.5 T low-power magnet or evidence of routine lifetime at the peak test point. Detailed mechanisms require the full paper, not the abstract alone.
Source figures
Quench voltages · Post-mortem analysis
Used in
Comparable apparatus · Protection requirement · Pressure-note application
RESEARCH PAPER · DESIGN AND FABRICATION REPORT

The U.S. NHMFL 100 Tesla Multi-Shot Magnet

James L. Bacon, Curtt N. Ammerman, Hideyoshi Coe, Gretchen W. Ellis, Bernard L. Lesch, James R. Sims, Josef B. Schillig & Charles A. Swenson · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 12(1), 695–698 · March 2002
DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2002.1018496

Domain
Pulsed magnet structure, coil manufacture and power interfaces
Verified content
Design, analysis and fabrication progress for a nested-coil 100 T magnet with a 15 mm bore, including reinforcement and experimental-bay containment.
Regime
The source's apparatus under construction in 2002. Its pulse figure is explicitly simulated.
Relevance
Shows why the coil, support, electrical circuits and facility must be treated together.
Limitation
This progress paper is not the later 100 T operating demonstration and does not establish 20 Hz endurance.
Source
Institution-hosted paper (PDF)
Used in
Apparatus · Structural acceptance
AUTHOR PREPRINT · REPRESENTATIVE-SCALE DEMONSTRATION

The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil Program

Zachary Hartwig et al. · arXiv:2308.12301v1 · 18 August 2023
Preprint DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2308.12301

Domain
High-field REBCO toroidal-field coil engineering
Verified result
The authors report the design, construction and testing of an approximately 20 T, approximately 3 m representative-scale coil.
Regime
Specific toroidal-field model coil, test facility, conductor architecture and protection campaign
Relevance
Evidence that large-scale high-field REBCO hardware can be built and tested; a useful comparison for the Iron Horse requirements.
Limitation
Coil linear scale is not a one-metre warm bore. The result does not transfer its field geometry, operating envelope or lifetime to another design.
Used in
Comparable apparatus · Iron Horse platform
PRIMARY FACILITY DESCRIPTION · NONDESTRUCTIVE PULSED FIELD

100 Tesla Multi-Shot Magnet

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory · facility documentation; no DOI

Domain
High-field experimental instrumentation
Verified result
The laboratory reports nondestructive 100 T operation. Its instrument page lists a 5 mm helium-3 sample space and a 10 mm, 77 K bore; the apparatus description lists a 15 mm insert bore.
Regime
Pulsed, nested-coil laboratory instrument. Bore hardware and usable sample space are distinct scopes.
Relevance
Refutes a universal claim that all 100 T pulses destroy their coil.
Limitation
Does not demonstrate a 150 mm working bore or 20 Hz repetition. Facility availability is governed by the source's current notices, not this index.
Companion source
Apparatus description and bore dimensions
Used in
Field-only failure limits · Scale comparison
PRIMARY FACILITY DESCRIPTION · STEADY FIELD

45 Tesla, 32 mm Bore Hybrid Magnet (Cell 15)

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory · facility documentation; no DOI

Domain
Resistive/superconducting hybrid DC magnets
Verified specification
33.5 T resistive magnet nested in an 11.5 T outsert; listed maximum field 45 T, bore 32 mm and power 30 MW.
Regime
Facility-scale DC field with water-cooled resistive hardware and cryogenic infrastructure
Relevance
High steady fields are not exclusively a superconducting-conductor problem.
Limitation
Power, bore and infrastructure are part of the result. It does not prove compact low-power operation or Highfield product availability.
Used in
Comparable apparatus · Pressure-note limits
THEORETICAL REFERENCE · FIELD ENERGY

The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II, Chapter 27: Field Energy and Field Momentum

Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton & Matthew Sands · Volume II, 1964; Caltech online edition

Domain
Classical electromagnetic energy conservation
Verified basis
The magnetic vacuum-field energy density is B²/(2μ₀), equivalent to the source's ε₀c²B²/2 form.
Regime
Classical electromagnetic fields in vacuum
Relevance
Basis of the local energy-density and bore-energy calculations.
Limitation
A field-energy density does not supply a real coil's stress distribution, permeability model or stored-energy inventory without geometry.
Used in
Field load scale · Energy calculation · Pressure note
THEORETICAL REFERENCE · DIRECTIONAL STRESS

Momentum conservation

Richard Fitzpatrick · University of Texas at Austin lecture notes · 2 February 2006; no DOI

Domain
Electromagnetic momentum and Maxwell stress
Verified basis
Equation 1074 states the Maxwell stress tensor, including its directional magnetic term.
Regime
Classical Maxwell equations and vacuum-field momentum balance
Relevance
Distinguishes a magnetic-pressure scale from boundary traction or coil material stress.
Limitation
The tensor still requires the field on the actual surface and the associated material/mechanical model.
Used in
Pressure-note boundary conditions
OUTSIDE THE REVIEWED ARCHIVE

Retained reference candidates.

These inherited entries have not passed source review. Their titles, authors, dates and links may be incomplete or incorrect. They are excluded from reviewed search and do not support the current study. Existing anchors remain available while each candidate is checked against its original source.

Open unverified legacy candidates and unavailable-source anchors
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